Al-Noor Journal for Digital Media Studies
Official Journal of the College of Art

Digital Fog of War: Misinformation and Disinformation in May 2025 Indo-Pak crisis

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Suchanda Mazumder
Ali Syed Mudassar
Eden Koryst

RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba

https://doi.org/10.69513/jndm.v3.i1.a3
Abstract
The expansion of digital media has transformed the global information ecosystem, which has led to the democratization of the information and proliferation of misinformation and disinformation. This study investigates the false and misleading narratives circulated during the May 2025 Indo-Pak crisis. The base of this study consists of verifiable instances of misinformation. The research is done using sixty eight verified instances identified by various established fact-checking organisations. Entman’s Framing Theory (1993) as well as Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model (1998) were applied to analyse the narratives, to understand how they are structured, framed and amplified. The results were remarkable as they have shown that misinformation is not random but embedded structurally within media ecosystems and driven by platform affordances, ideological pressures, and audience psychology. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of how misinformation is propagated around Indo-Pak geopolitical context, while emphasizing the need for media literacy and institutional accountability.

Keywords

Indo-Pak crisis
media
misinformation
disinformation
framing theory
propaganda model
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